Galactic Cosmic Rays

Galactic Cosmic Rays have been considered as a possible relevant cause in our current global warming event. Examinations of claims that galactic cosmic rays are responsible four our current global warming event have been assessed through peer review and peer response. The consensus remains that there is no significant correlation between galactic cosmic rays and climate change, especially in relation to our current warming event.

Cosmic Rays and Surface Temperature
GCR’s no correlation with temp.

Henrik Svensmark has been one of the most visible proponents of the theory that our current global warming event is caused by galactic cosmic rays. He has been successful in the past in getting his ‘opinions’ on the matter into documentary work. As has been pointed out in the past, physical reality does not care about opinions. So how does this idea actually hold up when weighed scientifically?

Dr. Rasmus Benestad – 2012/12

However, little evidence remains for a link between galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and variations in Earth’s cloudiness. Laken et al. (2012) recently provided an extensive review of the study of the GCR and Earth’s climate, from the initial work by Ney (1959) to the latest findings from 2012.

The story is quite remarkable from a point of view on public discourse and climate change – so much hype for so little (the recent excitements from the leaked IPCC drafts, a point in case).

Laken et al.‘s review indicates that there never really were any strong correlations, and subsequent investigation found that those which looked interesting, didn’t stand up to scrutiny. They provide an account of the work on GCR-climate connections which I feel is well in line with the views presented here on RealClimate.

GCR forcings

A comparison between time evolution in the global mean temperature (dark red) and different solar indices (bottom) as well as CO2 forcing (green). All the curves here have been standardised, and the solar curves are shown along the bottom. The GCR are shown in grey, and have been multiplied by -1 to emphasise the correlation with the other solar indices.

In my opinion, Laken et al. provide an accurate comprehensive review of the hypothesised effect of GCRs on our climate through moderating the clouds. There is still no evidence suggesting that the GCR influence our climate in significant ways.

An overview based on the work of Peter Laut

The scientific rebuttal to Henrik Svensmark and Eigil Friis‐Christensen’s work regarding solar as the cause for modern global warming.

Peter Laut found errors in their paper and published a paper addressing the corrections. When the errors are removed the conclusions and assumptions of Henrik Svensmark and Eigil Friis‐Christensen simply does not stand. Neither changes in Solar forcing, nor galactic cosmic rays can account for modern global warming.

2009 Letter: Climate Change: The Role of Flawed Science

2003 Paper: Solar activity and terrestrial climate: An analysis of some purported correlations. Published in the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark (Status of 28. February 2003: In press) Received 14 February 2002; received in revised form 22. January 2003; accepted 4 February 2003

The Evidence is Against Svensmark’s Assumptions

The Laschamp Event (aka. The Laschamp Anomaly) illustrates in the paleo record that GCR’s show no significant correlation with temperature. The event shows up in many paleo records so confidence is reasonably high.

Laschamp Anomaly

Laschamp Anomaly (between 38 kyrs & 39 kyrs ago)

But Svensmark doesn’t think the evidence against ‘his theory’ is a big problem (as indicated in ‘his’ book ‘Chilling Stars’). The best way for him to prove it’s not a problem would be for ‘him’ to share ‘his code and method’ with the scientific community. Until then, it seems it’s his word against the well known shared, and discussed, evidence in the world of science.

So, the paleo records on GCR’s and temperature do not correlate. Modern records on GCR’s and temperature do not correlate. But Svensmark says they do? Even though they don’t? The GCR argument seems to have degraded to an elementary school playground argument where an obstinate child says “is to”; and the school says “is not” and here’s why…; and the child says “is to” and the teacher says show us your work; and the child says “no”.

Perspective on Svensmark

It’s not that Svensmark did not do some work, or that some of the work by itself was unimportant. The problem with Svensmark, is that his ‘claims’ were larger than the work could support.

Svensmark claims: “Our team at the Danish National Space Center has discovered that the relatively few cosmic rays that reach sea-level play a big part in the everyday weather. They help to make low-level clouds, which largely regulate the Earth’s surface temperature.”

and

“The recent discovery by our team in Copenhagen of the chemical mechanism of cosmic-ray action on cloud formation thus brings to a climax a scientific quest that has lasted two centuries.”

It is precisely these claims that caused the scientific community concern. The rebuttals to Svensmarks cosmic ray theories and hypothesis generally included lack of confirmation and unsupported claims.

“While the experiments were potentially of interest, they are a long way from actually demonstrating an influence of cosmic rays on the real world climate, and in no way justify the hyperbole that Svensmark and colleagues put into their press releases and more ‘popular’ pieces. Even if the evidence for solar forcing were legitimate, any bizarre calculus that takes evidence for solar forcing of climate as evidence against greenhouse gases for current climate change is simply wrong. Whether cosmic rays are correlated with climate or not, they have been regularly measured by the neutron monitor at Climax Station (Colorado) since 1953 and show no long term trend. No trend = no explanation for current changes.” Dr. Rasmus Benestad, Norwegian Meteorological Institute

Svensmark continues to claim relevance out of context of the lack of trend. When questioned about it he tends to remain vague.

Climax GCR counts aa index

“Again, no further qualifications or references. The irony is that Svensmark ignores (in addition to the lack of trend in GCR) the fact that the night-time temperature has risen faster than the day-time temperature, which I did pester him about on a Nordic Meteorology Meeting in Copenhagen in 2002. A journalist from Jyllands Posten present at the conference got the message, as my criticism was echoed in a news report the following day (“Klimaforskere i åben krig” [translation ‘Climate researchers in open war’], May 28, 2002): It’s tricky to explain how a warming caused by decreasing albedo would be stronger at the night-side (dark) of the planet.” Dr. Gavin Schmidt NASA/GISS

Dr. Gavin Schmidt NASA/GISS (review of work/claims)

Svensmark and colleagues, not wanting to wait for the credible quantitative results to come in, instead short circuited all of that tedious follow-up work, scaling up to realistic conditions, theoretical and modeling studies demonstrating that their effect was indeed viable, and simply declared in their press materials that the team had ‘discovered that cosmic rays play a big part in the everyday weather’ and ‘brings to a climax a scientific quest that has lasted two centuries’. Nobel prizes all round then.

Alas! if only it were that simple….

Svensmark’s paper itself is indeed of some interest. Aerosol processes are among the most uncertain, and most studied, aspects of climate and these experiments (they bombarded a clean mixture of water, SO2, O3 and air with high energy UV and saw small H2SO4 droplets form) might be useful in adding to that field. One could quibble with the use of the high-energy UV (which never penetrates to the lower troposphere), and the high concentrations of SO2 and O3, but by far the biggest problems lie in the study’s relevance to the real world atmospheric conditions.

The working hypothesis of the cosmic ray crowd is that the (weak) correlations between low clouds and cosmic rays are causal (i.e. a cosmic ray increase – due to a solar magnetic field weakening – causes low clouds to increase, cooling the planet). The ‘spin’ on this new paper is that this has been demonstrated, and is significant, and furthermore, is responsible for the 20th Century rise in global temperatures. But let’s look carefully at what is required in this logic:

  1. First, the particles observed in these experiments are orders of magnitude too small to be Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). In the press release, this is why they talk about the ‘building blocks’ of CCN, however, aggrandisation of these small particles is in no sense guaranteed (Missing step #1).
  2. Secondly, the focus is on low clouds over the ocean. However, over the ocean, there are huge numbers of condensation nuclei related to sea salt particles. Thus to show that the cosmic ray mechanism is important, you need to show that it increases CCN even in the presence of lots of other CCN (Missing step #2).
  3. Next, even if more CCN were made, you would need to show that this actually changed cloud cover (or optical thickness etc.) (Missing step #3). And given that change in cloud properties, you would need to show that it had a significant effect on radiative forcing – which despite their hand waving, is not at all well quantified (even the sign!) (Missing step #4).
  4. Finally, to show that cosmic rays were actually responsible for some part of the recent warming you would need to show that there was actually a decreasing trend in cosmic rays over recent decades – which is tricky, because there hasn’t been (see the figure) (Missing step #5).

All of this will require significant work and there are certainly no guarantees that all the steps can be verified (which they have been for the greenhouse gas hypothesis) – especially the last! However, they would seem essential to justifying the claims in the press releases.

RealClimate Aug. 1, 2009: Still not convincing

Here are a couple of excerpts from the RealClimate article by Rasmus Benestad:

“In a new GRL paper, Svensmark et al., claim that liquid water content in low clouds is reduced after Forbush decreases (FD), and for the most influential FD events, the liquid water content in the oceanic atmosphere can diminish by as much as 7%.”

and

“The hypothesis is this: a rapid reduction in GCR, due to FD, results in reduced ionization of the atmosphere, and hence less cloud drops and liquid water in low clouds. Their analysis of various remote sensing products suggest that the opacity (measured in terms of the Angstrom exponent) due to aerosols reaches a minimum ~5 days after FD, and that there is a minimum in the cloud liquid water content (CWC) minimum occurring ~7 days later than the FD. They also observe that the CWC minimum takes place ~4 days after the fine aerosol minimum (the numbers here don’t seem to add up).”

and

“If we look at the big picture, one immediate question is why it should take days before the alleged minimum in CWC to be visible? The lifetime of clouds is usually thought to be of the order of hours, and it is likely that most of the CWC has precipitated out or re-evaporated within a day after the cloud has formed.”

Rasmus has pointed out that there are more than just a few holes in the work of Svensmark et al. If the lifetime of clouds is in the order of hours, what is or could be the effect on clouds, days later? This is a very good question.

Svensmark seems to be remaining true to form regarding claims not justified by his work:

“The paper does not discuss the lack of trend in the GCR of moderate energy levels or which role GCR plays for climate change. They have done that before (see previous posts here, here, and here), and it’s wise to leave out statements which do not have scientific support. But it seems they look for ways to back up their older claim, and news report and the press release on his paper make the outrageous claim that GCR have been demonstrated to play an important role in recent global warming.”

Previous Discussions (Veizer’s Celestial Climate Driver)

 

Source: RealClimate May/June 2005 (Rasmus Benestad)

“Veizer suggests the recent global warming might be driven by changes in solar activity (his Fig. 14a – dashed line is temperature, solid line with diamonds is solar cycle length). But the figure only shows the temperature record from 1935-1990, even though of course more recent data are available. Veizer must be aware that in view of these more recent data, the scientist who originally proposed this correlation in 1991, Knud Lassen, has concluded in 2000 that solar cycle variations cannot explain the ongoing warming trend [1].”
“In the figure below, we have superimposed the standard CRU data set (blue curve) of global mean temperature on Veizers graph.”

“We see that the graph selectively shows a part of the time series dominated by the well-known temporary “dip” in the global warming trend, reaching a minimum around 1970. The correlation of temperature and solar cycle length applies mainly to this “dip” in the curves. Thus, solar cycle variations may or may not explain this “dip” (one similar-looking dip in two curves is not a significant correlation and could easily be coincidence; there is a better-founded explanation for this “dip” resulting from cooling by aerosol emissions – see the figure from Hansen et al. coming up below).” (refers to top graph: ‘Temperature Change’)

 

“The black line is the average of five model runs. This is not only in excellent agreement with the observed temperature changes at the surface (blue stars), it also correctly reproduces the observed heat storage in the oceans – a strong indicator that the model’s heat budget is correct. The agreement of this model with observations is particularly good and perhaps partly fortuitous, given that there is still uncertainty both in the climate sensitivity and in the amplitudes of the aerosol and solar forcings. But our main point does not depend on that and is robust: with any model and any reasonable data-derived forcing, the observed 20th Century warming trend can only be explained by anthropogenic greenhouse gases, while other factors can explain the shorter-term variations around this trend. The serious scientific discussion is about the exact contribution of each factor, not about identifying one single “driver”.”

Summary

Simply put, galactic cosmic rays (GCR’s – paleo and modern measurements) do not correlate with the rise in global mean temperature. The now well established facts are in the connection between greenhouse gases, attribution and radiative forcing. The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere account well for the current climate forcing.

Links

Svensmark on YouTube

It is interesting to note the Svensmark Video is produced in such a way as to indicate that there is some sort of conspiracy by the climate science community in debunking his work. The reality is, he did not do work that was able to support his conclusions.